PARKINSON'S DISEASE

PARKINSON'S DISEASE 

Named after James Parkinson's observations in 1817, Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Numerous motor and non-motor symptoms of the illness have a serious impact on patients' quality of life. This essay gives a thorough summary of PD, including information on its causes, symptoms, diagnostic standards, and available treatments. PD is the most common movement disorder, followed by multiple system. These are- Atrophy, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Chorea, Ataxia, Dystonia and many more.

Parkinson's disease (PD) shares movement-related symptoms with other disorders, facing similar challenges in pharmaceutical access, diagnosis, and treatment, especially in LMICs. While aging is a risk factor, PD can also affect younger individuals, with men more affected than women. Studies link PD risk to environmental factors such as pesticides, air pollution, and industrial solvents, combined with genetic influences. The precise cause of PD remains uncertain, likely stemming from a complex interplay between hereditary factors and lifelong exposure to environmental elements. The main three symptoms are- Tremor in hands,arms, legs, jaw, or head, Muscle stiffness, Slowness of movement.

More people worldwide are becoming disabled and dying from Parkinson's disease (PD) than from any other neurological condition. In the last 25 years, PD prevalence has doubled. According to 2019 estimates, there were approximately 8.5 million people worldwide who had PD. According to current estimates, PD caused 329 000 deaths in 2019, an increase of over 100% since 2000, and 5.8 million disability-adjusted life years, an increase of 81% since 2000.

Main symptoms of Parkinson Disease are

A neurodegenerative condition that affects the neurological system is Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease's main symptoms can be divided into two categories: motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms.Parkinson's disease motor symptoms are-

Rhythmic shaking or tremor that typically begins in the hands, fingers, or thumbs. It typically stands out more when the limb is at rest and tends to vanish or reduce when the limb is moving. Slowness of movement that can make simple chores like brushing your teeth or buttoning a shirt challenging. Smaller and slower movements could develop, giving rise to a recognizable shuffling gait. Impaired balance and coordination, which makes it more likely to shuffle or stoop when walking. It can make it more difficult to keep a stable posture and increase the danger of falling.

Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease are

Insomnia, excessive daytime drowsiness, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams), and restless legs syndrome are among the sleep issues that plague many people with Parkinson's disease. People with Parkinson's disease frequently experience depression, anxiety, and apathy. Even in the early phases of the disease, mood and emotional health changes might take place. Parkinson's disease can damage the muscles responsible for speech and swallowing, which can result in quieter, slurred speech and difficulty swallowing. It's significant to remember that each individual's symptoms and course may differ. It's crucial to see a doctor for a correct Parkinson's disease diagnosis and treatment if you or someone you know is exhibiting any of these symptoms.

Cures of Parkinson Disease

 As of the deadline in September 2021, there is no recognized cure for Parkinson's disease. However, various therapy modalities are utilized to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Medications like levodopa and dopamine agonists are commonly prescribed to manage motor symptoms. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used surgically to modulate motor symptoms when medications are insufficient. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy are crucial in addressing mobility, daily tasks, and communication challenges. Lifestyle adjustments, including exercise, nutrition, stress management, and sleep, can also contribute to symptom management. Treatment plans are tailored to each person's unique needs, disease progression, and responses to therapies, and consulting a specialized healthcare provider is recommended for personalized advice.

Assessments and cares of these diseases 

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be made by neurologists or non-specialist healthcare providers. The involvement of trained non-specialized health care workers in primary care becomes crucial in places with a dearth of neurological services. Medication, surgery, and therapies like deep brain stimulation can all be used to treat PD symptoms. In addition to medication, nonpharmacological methods including physiotherapy, rehabilitation, and telemedicine can all help patients feel better and live longer.

References: 

1. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinsondisease#:~:text=Parkinson%20disease%20(PD)%20is%20a,and%20pain%20and%20senso ry%20disturbances 

2. https://www.parkinson.org/Understanding-Parkinsons/Symptoms